Hanya tana dauke da iska a cikin kirji, inda ya rabu zuwa rassan ƙananan diamita (bronchi) wanda ke kawo iska ga huhu. Bifurcating, da bronchi samar da wani tsari na hankali rage tubules kai dukan sassan huhu. Sun ƙare tare da ƙananan jaka-jita-jita na microscopic, wanda ƙwayar ƙwayar jikin ta ƙunshi. Akwai a cikin wadannan nau'ikan da aka yi amfani da su a ciki wanda yunkurin gas ɗin ke faruwa a tsakanin iska mai iska da jini. Yankin na numfashi na sama da na ƙananan shine batun labarin.
Trachea
Hanya na farawa daga cigusti na cricoid, wanda yake ƙasa da larynx, kuma ya sauko cikin kogin kirji. A matakin sternum, shingum ya ƙare, ya rarraba cikin rassan biyu - hagu na dama da hagu. Trachea ya ƙunshi wani karfi da fibroelastic nama tare da sarkar da ba a rufe ruhun na gyare-gyare sarkar (guringuntsi na trachea). Hanyar tsufa ta isa (kimanin 2.5 cm a diamita), yayin da jarirai a ciki akwai ƙananan ƙananan (game da fensir a diamita). Ƙananan ɓangaren trachea ba shi da goyon bayan cartilaginous. Ya ƙunshi kayan fibrous da ƙwayoyin tsoka. Wannan ɓangare na trachea ya ta'allaka ne ga esophagus dake tsaye a baya. Binciken a cikin sashen giciye an bude zobe. Aikin epithelium (rufi na ciki) na trachea yana dauke da kwayoyin gwanayen da ke ɓoye ƙuƙwalwa a jikinsa, da kuma ƙwayoyin microscopic, wanda, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi masu haɗuwa, kama ƙwayoyin turɓaya kuma su tura su daga huhu zuwa larynx. Tsakanin kwakwalwa da ƙwayar motsi ne wani nau'i na kayan haɗin kai wanda ke dauke da kananan jini da tasoshin lymph, jijiyoyi da glanders wanda ke haifar da ƙoshin ruwa a lumen na trachea. A cikin trachea, akwai kuma wasu nau'ikan filasta masu baƙin ciki wanda ya ba shi sassauci. Babban maschus ya ci gaba da rassan, yana samar da itace mai suna "bronchial", yana dauke da iska zuwa duk sassan jikin huhu. Ainihin ma'anar ƙananan masushirci an raba shi a cikin ƙuƙwalwar katako, wanda shine uku a cikin ƙwayar dama, da kuma biyu a cikin hagu na hagu. Kowannensu yana ba da iska zuwa daya daga cikin lobes na huhu. An rarraba mashirar lobar zuwa ƙananan waɗanda ke samar da iska don raba tashoshi.
Tsarin maski
Tsarin bronchi yayi kama da tsari na trachea. Su suna da taushi da kuma sauƙi, ganuwar suna dauke da guringuntsi, kuma an riga an ɗaure fuskarsa tare da epithelium na numfashi. Har ila yau, suna da nau'o'in ƙwayoyin tsoka, wanda zai tabbatar da canji a diamita.
Bronchioli
A cikin ɓangaren daji na bronchopulmonary, ƙwayar bronchi ta ci gaba da fitowa. Tare da kowane sashin jiki, ƙwayar bronchi ta zama kasa, tare da karuwar gine-gine masu yawa. Bronchi, yana da diamita mai ciki na kasa da 1 mm, ana kiranta bronchioles. Daga manyan tubes na lantarki, bronchioles sun bambanta da cewa ganuwarsu ba su dauke da guringuntsi da ƙwayoyin jini a cikin rufin ciki. Duk da haka, da bronchi, suna da ƙwayoyin tsoka. Ƙarin fasaha yana haifar da samuwar ƙananan bronchioles, wanda, a gefe guda, ya kasu kashi cikin ƙananan ƙwayar ƙaran jini. Ana kiran mashutal mai suna don haka suna sadarwa tare da lumen wasu alveoli. Duk da haka, suna barin bunches daga gadon alveolar, wanda ke fitowa daga bronchioles na numfashi.
Alveoli
Alveoli suna karamin jaka da ƙananan ganuwar. Hanyoyin gas na faruwa a cikinsu. Ta wurin ganuwar alveoli cewa iskar oxygen daga iska mai kwakwalwa ta shiga cikin kwakwalwan jini ta hanyar rarraba, kuma samfurin karshe na numfashi, carbon dioxide, an sake shi zuwa waje tare da iska. Kwayoyin jikin mutum sun ƙunshi daruruwan miliyoyin alveoli, wanda ya zama babbar ƙasa (kusan 140 m2), isasshen musayar gas. Alveoli ta zama nau'i mai kama da 'ya'yan inabi, dake kusa da ɗakunan alveolar. Kowace haɓaka tana da ƙananan kwalliya wanda ya buɗe cikin tafarkin alveolar. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ramukan microscopic (pores) a kan kowane nau'in alveolus, ta hanyar da yake magana da alveoli makwabta. An gina ganuwar su tare da wani apithelium. Alveoli ma sun ƙunshi nau'i biyu: kwayoyin macrophages (kwayoyin karewa), ƙananan ƙwayoyin waje da suka shiga cikin huhu daga cikin suturar motsin rai, da kuma kwayoyin dake samar da kwayar halitta - wani muhimmin abu mai ilimin halitta.