Mafi yawancin wadannan shine hanta da pancreas. Abinci a ƙarƙashin rinjayar iska a cikin baki da kayan juyayi masu narkewa a cikin ciki da intestines fashe zuwa abubuwa, kuma ta hanyar ganuwar hanji abubuwan da ke amfani da su sun shiga cikin jini. Sa'an nan kuma dukkan ballast tare da hanta da hanta da aka sarrafa ta hanyar hanta suna nuna tsarin tsarin narkewa. Hanyar narkewar abinci a cikin mai girma yana daukar sa'o'i 24-36, yayin da yake jarirai yana ɗaukar awa 6-18. Harshen hakora da hakora shine ainihin mahimmanci don murkushewa, motsawa da kuma samar da abinci da abinci. Na farko hakora na jariran na zuwa watanni 6, lokacin da jikinsu ke fara shirya don ci gaba da abinci mai yawa. Saliva - an samar da shi ta hanyar submaxillary da kuma gland. Kuma har ma a jarirai, yana da abun da ke ciki don haɓaka abinci. Bugu da ƙari, saliva ta haifar da gado na kwakwalwa - wani wuri na tarawa mai yawa na microorganisms, ciki har da wadanda basu da damuwa ga yaro. Salivation a jarirai har zuwa watanni uku kadan ne, amma tun lokacin, kuma musamman idan sababbin samfurori sun bayyana a cikin abincin su, ya zama ƙara. Har zuwa shekara 1 da yaron bai iya haɗiye duk samfurin kafa ba, mafi yawancin shi yana waje, kuma wannan al'ada ne.
Saboda keta hakki na kare lafiyar, kuma a ƙarƙashin rinjayar raunuka da abincin jiki (wanda shine duk wani sabon abinci a farko) jarirai na iya samun cututtuka na ƙananan cututtuka na kwakwalwa - stomatitis (ƙumburi na mucosa na maganganu), gingivitis (ƙumburi na gumis), periodontitis (kumburi na kyallen takarda ), cin hanci (fungal kamuwa da cuta na maganganu mucosa).
Stomatitis
A cikin yara masu shan nono, ƙananan stomatitis yakan haifar da cutar ta herpes simplex. A wannan yanayin, yawan zafin jiki ya tashi, haske da raɗaɗɗa mai raɗaɗi sun bayyana a kan mucosa na baki - aphthae, saboda abin da yaron bai yi barci da kyau ba kuma yana da ban tsoro. Yara sun fara hana abinci saboda ciwo a cikin bakin, don haka suna buƙatar cin abinci tare da takaddun ruwa ko ruwa. Abinci bai kamata ya zama zafi ba. Daga cikin magungunan da ke taimakawa wajen magance stomatitis su ne maganin shafawa wadanda ake lubricated tare da aphthae da mucous kewaye da su, yana nufin cewa goyan baya ga tsarin rigakafi (misali, Imudon, Solvay Pharma, a gaskiya - cakuda kwayoyi masu amfani da kwayoyin halitta da kuma kariya masu karewa da kare mucosa. pharynx).
Tsarin bishiya shine "tafarki" ta hanyar abincin abinci, saboda raguwa na bangon, ya sauka cikin ciki, ta hanyar motsa jiki. A kan wannan shafin, abincin yana wucewa ta wurin sphincters, "dampers", wanda ya hana shi daga tafiya akan tafiya. A ƙarshen esophagus shine sakon zuciya na zuciya (cardia), yana "rufe" babban mahimmanci, don haka kullun abinci ba zai dawo daga ciki zuwa cikin esophagus ba. A cikin jariran a farkon watanni na rayuwa, ba a rufe dukkanin zuciya ba, kuma tun da yake mai tsaron ƙofa (wanda yake aiki a kan wannan aikin rufewa, amma a cikin ciki), akasin haka, an sake rarrabawa, regurgitation yana faruwa.
Regurgitations
Idan jariri ya juya a hankali (madara kawai yana fitowa daga bakinsa, bazaiyi ba, kuma yana kara da kyau), kada ku damu. Abubuwa na al'ada ga mafi yawan jarirai za su kasance daga 2 zuwa 5 aukuwa a rana mai dorewa fiye da minti 1-2. Wani lokuta abin da ke ciki na dawowa zai iya nuna adadin jinin, kuma idan uwar mahaifiyar ta sami ƙuƙwalwa a kan ƙuƙwalwa (abin da ya faru, mace bata san) ba, kada ka damu. Har ila yau, 'ya'yan da suka tsufa sukan saɗa abinci mai yawa. Kuma dalili shi ne sau da yawa siffofin abincin jariri, kuma ba matsaloli tare da esophagus ko ciki. Alal misali, tsararraki yana haifar da abin sha mai yawa, don haka yara da ke da shekaru 4 ba za su sha su ba. Sau da yawa, amma wasu lokuta ana iya haifar da su daga ɓoye (ƙin ƙananan ƙwayar cuta) ko cutar cututtuka na gastroesophageal (wannan shi ne shakatawa na cututtuka na zuciya, saboda abinda abun ciki na ciki na ciki yake a cikin esophagus, yana haifar da ƙonewar mucosa-esophagitis). Tsai shine tsakiyar biki. Dangane da shekarun jariri ciki ya ƙunshi nau'in abinci. A cikin ɗan wata mai wata 1, ƙararsa tana da 100 ml, a cikin ɗan shekara guda yana da 250-300 ml. Yawancin lokaci, ciki yana kama da jakar da ake ajiye abinci (chyme) da sarrafa shi tare da acid hydrochloric da enzymes.
A cikin ɓangaren ƙananan, ciki yana haɗuwa da intestines tare da taimakon mai tsaron ƙofar - "kofa", wanda ya buɗe kawai hanya ɗaya. Haɗuwa da aiki na dampers yana nuna cewa yara suna jimre da yawan abinci daidai da 1 / 5-1 / 6 na nauyin jiki (ga wanda yayi girma zai zama 10-15 kg kowace rana!). Bugu da ƙari, yana da wuya a kiyaye abincin ruwa. Rawancin chyma daga ciki cikin intestine yana faruwa a kai a kai da kuma raguwa. Suna bayyana idan sashen abinci yana da wuyar (wanda ya faru tare da ƙuntataccen mai tsaron ƙofar) ko kuma lokacin da, a akasin haka, yana buɗewa a yadu - to, an jujjuyar dabbar cikin ciki. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar da ke rufewa daga cikin pylorus suna shakatawa - wannan yanayin yana da muhimmanci ga yara masu fama da tausayi ko kuma gastritis na yau da kullum. Gastritis da cututtukan ƙwayar cuta a cikin jariri suna da wuya. Wadannan matsaloli sune mahimmanci ga yara daga shekarun 6-7, saboda a wannan zamani suna ciyarwa da yawa a waje, suna cin abinci marar ƙasa da ƙasa, daga abin da ake cin abinci da tsarin mulki na yau da kullum.
Bile da Enzymes
Su wajibi ne don sarrafawa da cin abinci da abinci daga hanta da kuma pancreas. Bile a cikin jarirai ana haifar da ƙananan, saboda haka jikinsu har yanzu yana gwagwarmaya da assimilation na mai. Tare da shekaru, samar da bile acids a yara ya karu, kuma halin da ake ciki yana samun mafi alhẽri. Rashin ikon samar da enzymes ta hanyar pancreas a lokacin haihuwar jaririn bai riga ya kafa ba. A cikin ruwan 'ya'yan itace, yara na farkon watanni uku ba su da isasshen abubuwa da suka shafi cigaba da sitaci, furotin da mai (amylase, trypsin da lipase). Sai kawai bayan sababbin kayan aiki sun bayyana a cikin abincin abincin yara, haɓaka abubuwan da ake bukata don narkewa a cikin pancreas an gyara kuma ya kai dabi'u ga manya. Dalili ne saboda kodayyar hanta da haɓakar yara waɗanda masana suka yi imanin cewa yara a ƙarƙashin shekara 7 ba za su iya ci daga tebur ba. Bayan da cin zarafi na bile ta hanyar biliary tract (dysfunction of the biliary tract) da kuma cin zarafi na ɓarna na ɓoye na hanta da kuma pancreas, lokacin da ba sukan kasance tare da bayyanar abincin (gwargwadon rahoto ba) suna da yawa a cikin jarirai na farkon shekarun rayuwa a matsayin amsa ga abincin da bai dace da kwayoyin su ba.
Gudun tafiya ta hanyoyi
Ƙananan hanji ya ƙunshi sassa 3: duodenum, durƙusad da iliac. Sashe na farko ya karbi bile da kuma ruwan inabin pancreatic, ta hanyar fasalin sunadarai, fats da carbohydrates. A cikin jejunum da ileum, ƙwaƙwalwa ya rushe cikin abubuwan gina jiki. Murfin ciki na ƙananan hanji ya ƙunshi siffar microscopic villi, wanda ke samar da amino acid, sugar, bitamin cikin jini. Saboda rashin lahani a cikin tsarin gwaninta (sakamakon cututtuka na hanji) kuma, sau da yawa, dindindin, - shayar da kayan abinci ba shi da lalacewa kuma mummunan yanayin ƙwaƙwalwar zai fara.
Babban hanji yana kewaye da kogin ciki. A wannan ɓangare na hanji, ruwa da karamin ɓangaren salts ma'adinai suna shafe. A hanyar, wannan yankin ana kiransa da yankuna masu amfani, wanda rashin haka ya haifar da bayyanar gas mai yawa (flatulence). A cikin babban hanji, sauran abinci (feces) yana daukan samfurin kuma ta hanyar ɗita da maɓallin intestinal (anus) ya fita. Don ci gaba da ƙwaƙwalwa a wannan yanki, ƙwayoyin suna dacewa da ƙananan sphincters, kuma buɗewa ta waje saboda saboda buɗewa da rufewa na dubun. Rashin raguwa a cikin aiki na kayan aiki, wanda ya haifar, alal misali, ta hanyar cututtuka na intestinal, ana nuna ta da jinkiri ko kara yawan ƙarfin. A cikin yara, hanji yana aiki sosai, don haka a farkon makonni 2 na rayuwa suna zuwa "manyan" sau 4-6 a rana. Abubuwan da suke cin abinci na wucin gadi suna yin hakan sau da yawa fiye da jariran. Bayan shekara 1, yawancin hanyoyin "manyan" shine sau 1-2 a rana. A lokacin haihuwar jariri, hankalinsa ba su da lafiya, amma tun daga rana ta farko sai ya fara zama tare da kwayoyin amfani. A cikin jarirai masu kyau da aka haifa a lokacin da nono, ƙwayar intestinal ta kai matakin da ta dace ta ƙarshen makonni na biyu na rayuwa.
Cikal na intestinal abu ne na kowa wanda ya saba da kusan dukkan jarirai wanda tsarin kwayar halitta yake "ripening" kawai. Raunin ciki a cikin ciki na jarirai ya bayyana saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin hanji yana tara yawan gas (flatulence). Ko da ma dalilin da ya faru na kwakwalwa na hanzari, ya zama dole ya nemi likita wanda zai ware cututtuka, misali appendicitis; Bugu da ƙari, kawai dan jariri zai iya rubuta maganin yara. Don magance matsalar, jaririn, ban da abincin abinci (idan ya kasance jaririn, da hankali game da gurasa marar fata, dankali, wake, madara, sauerkraut, taɓa mahaifiyar), ya rubuta abin da ya kunshi gawayi ko shirye-shirye na musamman (misali Espumizan, Berlin-Chemie, Unienzim, Unichem Lab.)
Diarrhea
Cikakken kwakwalwa yakan haifar da kamuwa da cuta, ko da yake ba koyaushe ba. Litters sau da yawa suna da lactase rashi, yana samuwa daga gaskiyar cewa pancreas da intestinal mucosa, waɗanda suke da alhakin samar da lactase, ba su iya aiki a cikakken ƙarfin. Ba tare da enzyme lactase ba, lactose an lalace sosai. A sakamakon haka, lactase yana cikin kasa, yana haifar da ci gaban ƙwayar microbial, baƙo ga intestine na yaro, kuma dysbacteriosis taso. Alamun lactase da dysbiosis sunyi kama da: jaririn ya yi kuka bayan cin abinci, yana damu game da tsagewa, rujiyar ruwa mai tsabta (sau da yawa ko maƙarƙashiya). Cutar cututtuka ko cututtuka na intestinal ana kiransa cututtuka na "ƙazanta hannun". Kwayoyin microorganisms da ke haifar da su sun bambanta, ko da yake yana da wuya a iya sanin abin da jaririn ya fuskanta (dysentery ko shigellosis, salmonellosis, ciki- da kuma kamuwa da calicivira, da sauransu). Tare da cututtuka na intestinal, daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da aka gano na maganin ya danganci - ra'ayin da ake buƙatar yad da jarirai tare da zawo (likitoci zasu kira wannan aikin rehydration) don kaucewa jinin jiki. Don wannan amfani da mafita daga salts - shirye (Hydrovit, STADA, Regidron, Orion, da sauransu) kuma an yi a gida. Magungunan rigakafi a yau likitoci sun sanya jariran kawai tare da siffofin mai tsanani na cututtuka na hanji. Bugu da ƙari, an tsara su da abinci marar yisti ga yaron, idan ya cancanta, enzymes, magungunan da ke inganta karfin kwanciya (alal misali, Uzara, STADA), masu jijiyoyin su ne abubuwa da suka shiga cikin hanji kuma suna sha da guba da ƙwayoyin cuta (Smecta, Beauf our Ipsen), kwayoyin maganin suna amfani da kwayoyin halittu masu amfani, da farko bifido- da lactobacilli (Probifor, Partner, Bifiform, Ferrosan, Bifidumbacterin-forte, Enterol, Biocodex), maganin rigakafi da ke taimakawa wajen bunkasa mai amfani (Hilak forte, Ratiopharm), har ma magunguna , ƙarfafa imunity (Kipferon, A ppharm, Bifilysis, Enzyme). Yawancin zazzabin lokaci ya fi dacewa da cin zarafin abinci: rashin haƙuri ga madara madara (lactase deficiency), rashin lafiyar hatsi (cutar celiac). Ko da yake wasu lokuta an nuna rashin haƙuri ga yaduwar madara mai yaduwa ko cutar cututtuka na ƙwayar cuta (cututtukan daji, cututtukan Crohn). A kowane hali, jariri zai buƙaci wata hanya ta jarrabawar da za ta yanke shawara idan yaron yana da kamuwa da cutar ta hanji, tsutsotsi, cuta marasa ciki na hanji.
Difficulties
Sau da yawa yakan faru ne bayan da kamuwa da cutar ta tsakiya, ko magani tare da maganin rigakafi (ga wani kamuwa da cuta), aikin daji na yaron ya samo asali, wadda aka nuna ta hanyar jinkirta a cikin ɗakin. Don maƙarƙashiya ta haifar da shakatawa na hanji, wani abincin da ya ƙunshi fiber kayan lambu (beets, prunes, gurasar abinci). Ana shawarci yara don motsawa da yawa, kuma tare da taimakon mai kula da warkarwa ta ciki yana taimaka musu su sake dawowa da yaduwar hanji. Bugu da ƙari, likita zai karbi jaririn da kwayoyi masu amfani. Akwai jariran da za su buƙaci maganin lalacewa da magungunan motsa jiki (bloating) magungunan asali na asali (Microlax, Johnson & Johnson, Plantex, Lek, tushen buckthorn). Yara da ke fama da rikice-rikice, wanda ake cike da hanji, da kwayoyi da suke kwantar da hankulan jiki (valerian). Enema yara yi idan sakamakon ya tilasta jira fiye da kwanaki 3. Yanzu mun san yadda kwayoyin kwayoyi ke aiki a cikin yara, siffofi na al'ada da aikin.