Ƙananan kashi ya ƙunshi manyan abubuwa guda biyu: osteoid (kwayoyin matrix) da hydroxyapatite (inorganic abu). Osteoid ya ƙunshi farko daga sunadarin collagen. Hydroxyapatite - wani hadaddun abu, wanda ya hada da alli, phosphate (acidic phosphoric acid saura) da kuma hydroxyl kungiyoyi (OH). Bugu da kari, yana dauke da wasu magnesium. A yayin aiwatarwar kashi, ana saka lu'ulu'u na hydroxyapatite a matrix osteoid. Ƙananan ɓangaren ƙashi yana ƙunshe da ƙananan ƙashi na nama; Tsarin ciki yana wakiltar wani abu mai laushi mai laushi kuma ya ƙunshe da kwayoyin da yawa da ke cike da kututtukan launuka mai launin launin fata - nama da ke cikin samar da jini.
Kula da kashi
Babu kwakwalwa ko ƙashi mai laushi ba shira. Ko da bayan kammalawar ci gaba, suna riƙe da aiki na al'ada kuma an sake gina su kullum. Wannan tsari wanda aka tsara, wanda sassan kashi ya rushe kuma ya maye gurbin da sabon nama, wajibi ne don kula da lafiyar kasusuwan. Ginin ɓangaren nama shine kayyade ta kwayoyin musamman - osteoblasts. Suna haɗakar osteoid kuma suna samar da hydroxyapatite. Don maye gurbin nama, kwayoyin da ake kira osteoclasts suna da alhakin.
Cututtuka da aka yanka
Ƙashi yana mai saukin kamuwa da lalacewa ta hanyar matakai masu yawa. Ana iya karya ta jiki (raguwa), sau da yawa ya zama wuri na ganowa na ƙananan ciwon sukari (musamman a cikin nono, huhu da kuma ciwon daji), ƙwayar cin zarafi na iya zama damuwa. Akwai wasu cututtuka na kasuwa da yawa. Osteoporosis wani yanayin ne wanda asarar na asali da ma'adinai na kasusuwa ke faruwa. Wannan tsari ba zai iya faruwa ba tare da tsufa, amma tare da isrogen rashi a cikin mata a cikin menopause aka nuna alama kara. Babban dalilin ci gaban osteoporosis shine rashin daidaituwa tsakanin lalatawar lalata da kuma samuwar nama. Babban sakamako shi ne raunana kashi na nama, tsinkaye ga kamuwa (musamman sutura, wuyan hannu da gashin jikin mutum), wanda yakan haifar da koda raunin rauni.
Osteomalacia
A lokacin da osteomalacia, rabuwa da ƙasusuwa suna damuwa, saboda sakamakon da suke yin laushi kuma zai iya lalata, haifar da ciwo mai tsanani ko fractures. Osteomalacia yawanci ana hade da rashi na bitamin D ko cuta na metabolism, wanda zai haifar da rashin ciwon allura don zama kasusuwa. Ana bi da shi ta hanyar saduwa da bitamin D da shirye-shirye na alli.
Paget ta cutar
Wannan cututtukan kashi yafi rinjaye tsofaffi. Dalilin dalili ba shi da kyau, amma an san cewa a cikin wannan cuta, aikin osteoclast yana ƙaruwa, wanda zai haifar da hanzari na resorption na kashi. Wannan, ta bi da bi, yana ƙarfafa samuwar sabon ƙwayar nama, wanda, duk da haka, ya fi sauƙi kuma ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da kashi na al'ada. Pain a cikin cutar ta Paget ne saboda tasowa na periosteum, wani membrane wanda ke rufe kasusuwan kasusuwa, da masu karɓa na jin dadi. Ana amfani da jita-jita don rage zafi, kuma cutar kanta za a iya bi da shi tare da bisphosphonates, wanda ya rage jinkirin maye gurbin kashi.
Renal osteodystrophy
An lura da marasa lafiya tare da ci gaba da rashin karfin zuciya. Babban mahimmanci a cikin wannan cututtuka shi ne rashin lafiya na ciwon bitamin D.A yayin da ake tafiyar da hanta da kodan, bitamin D an canza zuwa calcitriol, wani hormone wanda yake sarrafa ƙwayar allura. Tare da ci gaba da rashin karfin zuciya na yau da kullum, an rage yawan calcitriol. Ana biyan yanayin ta wurin nada calcitriol ko kwayoyi masu kama da juna. Hanyoyi irin su fannin fuka-fuka, bincikar dubawa da nazarin binciken tarihi na kwayoyin nama samfurori sune mahimmancin ɓangaren ƙwayar cuta na ganewar asali. Binciken da aka gano game da cututtuka na kasuwa, banda osteoporosis, za'a iya samuwa a lokacin gwajin jini.
Yin gwajin jini
Mashahuran mafi muhimmanci shine ma'auni na maida hankali a cikin plasma na alli da phosphate, kazalika da aikin alkaline phosphatase, wani enzyme wanda aka samar da osteoblasts. Kwayar calcium a plasma Kullum yakan bambanta tsakanin 2.3 da 2.6 mmol / l. Matsayi na ma'aunin ƙwayoyin halitta an tsara su ta hanyar hormones guda biyu - capcitriol (wani abu mai ɓoye na bitamin D) da kuma hormone parathyroid. Yana ragewa tare da ƙwayar osteodystrophy, kuma a cikin mafi yawan lokuta na osteomalacia da rickets. A cikin Osteoporosis da kuma cutar Paget, ana kiyaye lakaran allura a matakin da ya dace (ko da yake tare da cutar Paget, idan mai haƙuri ya tsagaita, zai iya tashi). An kara yawan ƙwayar alli a cikin ƙwayar plasma tare da hyperparathyroidism na farko (yawanci yakan haifar da ciwon sukari na parathyroid gland). Maganin parathyroid yana aiki da osteoclasts, amma bayyanuwar cututtuka na cutar kashi a cikin wannan cuta ba sau da yawa. Wani babban matakin ƙwayoyin plasma ma yana cikin marasa lafiya marasa lafiya. A wasu lokuta, wannan shi ne saboda halakar kasusuwan ta hanyar metastases, a wasu saboda labaran da ciwon daji na abubuwa masu kama da parathyroid hormone (peptides na GPT). Cikiwar phosphate a cikin plasma shine kullum tsakanin 0.8 da 1.4 mmol / l. Ƙara yawan zinare an lura da shi a cikin raunin gazawar (lokacin da maida hankali a cikin plasma na urea da creatinine, samfurori na metabolism, yawanci ana cirewa daga jiki tare da fitsari, an ƙara karuwa), kuma ya rage - tare da osteomalacia da rickets. Tare da cutar Paget da osteoporosis, maida hankali akan phosphate a cikin plasma yana cikin al'ada. Ayyukan alkaline phosphatase Ƙara yawan aikin wannan enzyme ana kiyaye shi a cikin osteomalacia, cutar Paget da kuma na renon osteodystrophy. Tare da maganin lafiya, ya rage. Musamman phosphatase alkaline yana da amfani a matsayin alama na tasirin magani a cutar Paget. Harshen alkaline phosphatase plasma yana ƙara ƙwayar wasu cututtuka na hanta da kuma tsarin tsarin bile, amma yawanci a wannan yanayin babu matsaloli tare da ganewar asali.
Sauran gwaje-gwaje na jini
Idan ya cancanta, za'a iya auna maida hankali cikin jini na bitamin D. Ƙananan matakin yana nuna osteomalacia ko rickets. Babu wani gwajin da aka bayyana a sama da zai iya gano osteoporosis, saboda rashin daidaituwa a tsakanin rawar da aka samu da kuma lalacewar kasusuwa tare da wannan ci gaba mai saurin ci gaba yana da ƙananan ƙananan. Ana iya tabbatar da ganewar asali tare da taimakon samfurin X-ray na musamman. Ƙananan ƙananan kashi a kan rediyo an bayyana a sarari, tare da osteoporosis, nama kashi ya zama ƙasa mai yawa kuma ya dubi duhu a cikin hoton. Don auna ƙananan ma'adinai, an yi amfani da hanyar zane-zane na X-ray da ake amfani da su ta hanyar yin amfani da shi wanda zai iya gane asali osteoporosis. Doctors suna cikin buƙatar gaggawa na hanyoyi masu sauƙi don gano mutanen da ke dauke da osteoporosis ko wadanda ke kara yawan haɗari na bunkasa wannan cuta, da kuma kula da tasirin magani.