Na gode wa masu binciken ƙwayoyi
A farkon karni na XX, safiya kowane uwayen gida (ko dafa) ya fara da yakin neman kasuwa don samfurori. Dole ne su shirya su kuma ci abinci nan da nan a ranar, da kyau, a cikin mafi munin yanayi - gobe. Gaskiya, akwai glaciers da cellars.
Lokacin da mutanen kirki suka gane cewa sanyi yana taimakawa wajen ci gaba da abincin, babu wanda ya san. A bayyane yake, da farko, ana amfani da kogo mai sanyi a maimakon cellars, kuma a cikin yanayin sanyi - tsararren kankara. A tsohuwar kasar Sin, Girka da Roma, mutane sun yi tsammani su yi ta haƙa ramuka kuma su shafe su da kankara daga duwatsu. Hakika, irin wannan glaciers ne kawai a cikin iyalai masu kyau. A Indiya, maimakon kankara, ana amfani da hanyar evaporation: an rufe tasoshin a cikin tsummoki mai tsummoki, an cire ruwa cikin ruwa kuma ta sanyaya abinda yake ciki. A hanyar, bisa tsarin evaporation (kawai, ba ruwan ba, amma wani ruwa, misali, ether ko freon), na'urar da ke cikin firiji na zamani ya samo asali.
A tsakiyar zamanai, an manta da yin amfani da kankara, amma ƙwayar cuta ta fara samuwa, wanda samfurinsa ya kasance salo da aka gano. Musamman ma, an lura cewa nitrate (potassium nitrate, "gishiri na Sin", wanda Larabawa suka shigo zuwa Turai a kusa da 1200 kuma ya zama abu mai mahimmanci ga masu kwantar da hankali) ya narke a cikin ruwa kuma yana sha ruwan zafi, wato, ruwan nan ya motsa jiki. An yi amfani da wannan sabon abu a yanzu - a cikin kundin kayan aikin farko na masu yawon shakatawa akwai lokuta mai kunshe da ruwa, wanda ampoule tare da ammonium nitrate floats. Ya isa ya buga gwiwa tare da fakiti kuma ya karya ampoule, don haka kunshin zai kwantar da hankali ta digiri 15. Za a iya amfani da shi don raunuka ko raunuka maimakon ice.
A karni na goma sha uku, tare da taimakon gishiri, an sha ruwan sha kuma an yi gishiri akan 'ya'yan itace (wanda, kamar kowane sabon abu, shine tunawa da tsohuwar manta wanda aka manta - a cikin Tsohon Romawa, masu cin zarafi suna jin dadin ruwan' ya'yan itace). A shekara ta 1748, William Cullen, Farfesa a Jami'ar Glasgow, ya kirkiro fasaha na gyaran hawan gwal mai amfani da ether: a cikin ɗaki guda an gina wani wuri inda tasa ke tafasa da kuma kwashewa, ya hura cikin ɗakin, sa'annan kuma iskar ta shiga wata jam'iyya inda suka haɗu kuma suka ba da zafi ga sarari, kuma daga can ya sake zuwa babban ɗakin. Ya juya ya zama zagayowar rufaffiyar - a kan wannan ka'ida ɗaya an kafa yanzu aikin aikin firiji.
Amma wanda wajibi ne?
Gidan gidan firiji na farko, ko firiji, ya bayyana a Amurka a farkon karni na 19 kuma ba shi da kyau. Thomas Moore, wani injiniya da mai sayar da man shanu lokaci-lokaci, ya zo tare da hanyar daukar man fetur daga Maryland zuwa Washington - a cikin kwalaye da ganuwar launi uku: sassan launi, zane-zane da kuma itace. A ciki akwai nau'o'i biyu: ga man fetur da kankara. Moore yayi watsi da abin da aka saba da shi, ya fito da sunansa, kuma a tsakiyar tsakiyar karni na 19, 'yan kwalliyar' '' refrigerators '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '(maimakon kullun rabbit - sawdust, paper, cork) ya bayyana a gonaki na Amurka da na Turai. Ba da daɗewa ba, a Amurka, babu kusan tafki mai yawa wanda ba zai girbe a cikin hunturu ba. A lokacin rani, masu sayar da kankara sun ajiye shi a gine-gine na musamman, kuma masu sayar da kankara suna sayar da kankara. Girman kankara ya karu, sau da yawa daga cikinsu shi ne 'yan gudun hijira Rasha daga Alaska suka jagoranci. Domin shekaru uku a kasuwar wannan kamfani na Rasha ya samu fiye da zinariya, don samar da abin da aka kafa.
A 1844, likitancin Amurka John Gori ya kirkiro wani shigarwa bisa ga gano Cullen kuma yayi aiki a cikin iska. Ta samar da kankarar wucin gadi don asibiti a Florida, kuma a cikin kari, ta yi amfani da iska mai sanyi a cikin ɗakin - a gaskiya, shi ne farkon kwandishan. Bugu da} ari, annobar annoba ta fadi a Amirka da Turai, ta hanyar yin amfani da kankara daga ruwa gurbata. A wannan lokacin, masana'antun sun kaddamar da kogunan ruwa, don haka batun tsabtace kankara ya zama abin da ya fi dacewa. Dukansu a cikin Sabon da kuma a cikin Tsohon Duniya, wani mai kirkirar bayan wani ya haifar da samfurori ko ƙananan samfurori na na'urorin matsawa wanda ke samar da kankarar wucin gadi. A matsayin masu shayarwa, sun yi amfani da ether, ammonia ko sulfurous anhydride. Kuna iya tunanin abin da yatsa ya yada a kusa da irin wadannan firiji. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da ingancin magunguna masu tasowa a masana'antar masana'antu da masana'antu don samar da kankara. Kuma abin da za a zaba gine-gine don gidan - yanke shawara na kowane mutum dabam.
Freon da Greenpeace
A 1910, Janar Electric ya sake saki na farko na firiji na gida - wani kayan aikin inji na kankara, wanda ya samar da kankara. Kudinsa na $ 1,000, sau biyu kamar tsada kamar mota na Ford. Mota a cikin na'ura mai kwakwalwa yana da yawa da yawancin yana kasancewa a cikin ginshiki kuma an haɗa shi da tsarin tsarin "kankara". Sai kawai a shekarar 1927 masu zane-zane na General Electric, jagorancin injiniya dan kasar Denmark Christian Steenstrup, ya gina wani firiji na ainihi, dukkanin sassa ya shiga cikin kananan karamin, kuma ya ba da shi tare da thermoregulator, wanda aka yi amfani da shi har zuwa yanzu. Ba da daɗewa ba, likitan Amurka Thomas Mead-gley ya bada shawara da maye gurbin ammonia tare da sababbin gas din da aka hada da Freon, wanda ya fi zafi a lokacin fitarwa kuma ya kasance marar lahani ga mutane. A lokacin gabatarwar Freon, Mead-glay ya nuna wannan a cikin wata hanya mai ban sha'awa: ya shayar da motar Freon kuma ya fitar da kyandir mai fitilu. Babu wanda ya san cewa fatalwar ta cinye layin sararin samaniya har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, lokacin da Greenpeace ke gudanar da zanga-zangar taro, kuma, a ƙarshe, masu yin tilasta yin watsi da kullun don kare gas mai lafiya.
A shekara ta 1933 a Amurka, kusan gidaje miliyan 6 sunyi alfahari da abinci daga gida "firiji" na General Motors. A cikin Ingila akwai kawai firiji 100,000, a Jamus - 30,000, a cikin USSR wanda zai iya karanta game da irin waɗannan tambayoyin kawai a cikin littafin ("Ya nuna wani lantarki firiji ma'aikatar da ba kawai da ake buƙatar kankara, amma, a akasin haka, shirya shi a cikin hanyar m Cikakken mota a cikin wanka na musamman, kamar kamanni: a cikin ɗakunan ajiya akwai matakan da za su samar da nama, madara, kifi, qwai da 'ya'yan itatuwa. "Ilf da Petrov," Amurka guda ɗaya ", 1937).
Ko da yake, a cikin Soviet Union, ma, ya yi aiki don ƙirƙirar kayan da aka tsara don sauƙaƙe rayuwar ma'aikata. Tun daga 1933, kamfanin Moshim-Trust ya samar da firiji wanda ake buƙatar cika da kankara. Sakamakon kudin da suka yi, sukan karu, saboda haka Kamfanin Al'umma na Abinci Anastas Mikoyan ya shirya masu tsara dasu na yau da kullum. Shine kadai wurin da ragowar firiji ke sarrafawa a cikin babban birnin shi ne sanannun "Cocktail Hall" a kan Gorky Street, inda an yi ruwan kirki a kayan kayan Amurka.
Ya zuwa 1939, zai yiwu ko saya, ko kuma sata a Yamma da zane na sabon na'ura (ba aiki a kan takalmin ba, amma a kan sulfurius anhydride) kuma fara samar da kayan ado na gida na KhTZ-120 a Kharkov Tractor Plant. Amma yakin ya fara, kuma ba haka ba ne. An saka Srijirin Soviet freon friji mai suna "ZIL" a cikin jerin shirye-shirye a watan Maris 1951. A cikin wannan shekarar ya fara samar da "Saratov". Amma masu shayarwa sun zama samuwa ne kawai a cikin 60s. Sun kasance masu amintacce, amma sun fi dacewa ga Yammacin aiki da saukakawa. Musamman ma, an daskare daskarewa a cikin cikin firiji. Ka tuna: kofaffen aluminum, drifts na har abada a ciki? Kowane mutum yana tunawa da wannan, wanda a kalla sau ɗaya ya tambayi kansa kan batun zabar firiji don gidan. A Amurka, tun farkon 1939, wannan Janar Electric ya samar da firiji biyu, kuma a farkon shekarun 1950 babu fasaha mai sanyi, wanda ya ba da izinin aikawa ba tare da cin zarafi ba.
Smart Touch
Tun daga wannan lokaci, kammalawar firiji yana tafiya da hanyar kyakkyawa, saukakawa da kuma iyakar ayyukan. Alal misali, Samsung Electronics kwanan nan ya gabatar da sabon jerin Smart Touch - tare da hasken waje na waje (wannan yana da matukar dacewa idan ka tsage kanka daga kwamfutarka da dare don cika jikinka mai kwakwalwa tare da tsari mai mahimmanci.) Hasken hasken LED - duka waje da ciki - duk abin da ake buƙata, ba tare da hasken a cikin ɗakin abincin ba). Masu zanewa suna zaton sunyi tunani ta hanyar dukan kwarewar da aka tsara: ginin gine-ginen ɗakin ajiya an tsara shi akan tsarin mota - yana da sauki a bude, har ma yana riƙe da kunshin nauyi tare da samfurori. Gidan ajiyewa, gyarawa a wurare daban-daban, ba ka damar sanya ɗakin babban cake ko sauran kayan abinci mai girma. A ƙananan ƙofar akwai matsala ta musamman don samfurori na yara - yara za su ji dadin kansu, samun kullun gida da ruwan 'ya'yan itace da safe.
Ga alama makasudin masu sana'a na yau da kullum shine masu samar da masu jin dadi tare da jin dadi, ciki har da mai kyau. Smart Touch yana da kyau kamar allahntaka: haske haske mai haske yana jaddada alamar gilashin farar fata (mafi mahimmanci, amma ba mai sauƙi ba - "bakin karfe"). Idan don miji wannan bai isa ba don yin zabi, ya kamata a yarda da irin wannan, alal misali, daki-daki: bango na firiji na gaba daya - wannan yana taimakawa shigarwar, kuma a cikin ƙari, ƙura ba ta tara, kuma yana nufin (cewa mijin, ya san) Kada ku ƙwace motar.
Misali guda biyu - RL55VTEMR da RL55VTEBG - suna da ɗawainiya tare da allon taɓawa, wanda ke ba ka damar sarrafa dukan ayyukan naúrar tare da danna daya. Koda a wannan allon za ka iya rubuta bayanin kula ga mijinka: "ƙaunata, kar ka manta, muna da baƙi a yau. Idan ka mance, kuma bayyanar su zata zama ba zato a gare ka ba, za ka iya amfani da sashin Cool Select Zone - Shampagne zai sanye sau shida fiye da tsohuwar firiji! "
Yayinda masu samarwa ke kulawa da mu, mu, masu amfani, ma sunyi wani abu don inganta masu firiji. Alal misali, mai shekaru 22 mai suna John Cornwell, wanda aka sanya a cikin firiji a catapult wanda ya jefa mai mallakar wani giya na giya don kada ya tashi daga cikin gado. Abu mafi wuya shi ne koya a lokaci, don kama bankuna, amma mai kirkiro ya tabbatar mana cewa wannan matsala ne.