Samar da rigakafi a cikin yara. Sashe na 1

Immunity yana ba da damar jiki don ganewa da halakar abubuwa masu waje - kwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, kwayoyin cuta, da toxins, da kwayoyin da suka canza. Ƙungiyar ta rigakafi ta ƙunshi saitunan haɗi, kowannensu yana aiki na musamman. Dukkan abubuwa na wannan zane za'a iya raba su a matsayin wanda ba a sani ba, ko kuma yanayin, da kuma takamaiman, wato, samu. Kuskuren rashin tabbacin yana aiki ko da yaushe, koda kuwa babu abubuwa na waje. Musamman ya fara aiki kawai idan abokin gaba ya shiga jiki. Ƙungiyar kare hakkin dangi ta hadu da "masu tayar da hankali" a farkon. Zai fara aiki da zarar gurasar ta bayyana a haske, amma a cikakke iko ba ya juya a nan gaba. An yi la'akari da rigakafi marar iyaka a matsayin tsari na kare kariya daga kamuwa da cuta, yana daidai da kusan dukkan mutane, kuma babban aikinsa shi ne ya hana ci gaba da cututtukan kwayan cuta - alal misali, mashako, otitis, angina.

Na farko a kan hanya "baƙo" yana tsayawa ga ma'aunin ilimin lissafin jiki - fatar jiki da mucous membranes. Suna da matsakaicin ƙwayoyin acidic (matakin nau'in pH), wanda yake da mummunar damuwa ga "kwari" kuma yana da microflora - masu kare kwayoyin cuta. Mucous membranes kuma samar da abubuwa bactericidal. Dukkan shinge guda biyu suna riƙe da mafi yawan ƙwayoyin microorganisms.

"Baƙi" waɗanda suka shawo kan waɗannan matsaloli sun haɗa da haɗin kan salula na nau'in rigakafi, wanda shine, tare da kwayoyin musamman - phagocytes, wanda aka samu a cikin fata na jikin mucous da kuma cikin jini. Suna aiki tare da nau'o'in sunadarin sunadarin sunadarai da kuma gina jiki, misali, wanda aka sani da dukkanin interferons, suna da nau'in kwayoyin cuta ko magunguna. Mun gode wa haɗin gwiwa, kawai 0.1% na "masu aikata mugunta" suna da rai.

Detachment na musamman nufin
Musamman (ko samo) rigakafi ba a kafa shi nan da nan, amma bayan haihuwa na katsewa, da kuma a cikin matakai daban-daban. Irin wannan kariya ta dogara ne akan wata hanya mafi mahimmanci na rabu da "mallaka" daga "baƙo" da kuma ƙwaƙwalwar immunological, wato, fahimtar "baƙo" wanda ya riga ya shiga cikin lamba. Idan abokan gaba ba su saba ba, to, ƙuntataccen takamaiman ba zai amsa masa ba a kowane hanya. Wannan kariya yana samuwa a cikin hulɗar abubuwa biyu masu dangantaka da juna - salon salula (T- da B-lymphocytes) da kuma shamomin (immunoglobulins). Dukkanin T- da kuma B-lymphocytes sun fahimci abubuwan da ba a haɗu ba (kwayoyin cuta, hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo). Kuma idan sun hadu da shi kuma, za su fara farawa da sauri - don haka ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta nuna kanta. A wannan yanayin, karo na biyu da kamuwa da cuta bata faruwa ba ko kuma cutar ta fito ne a cikin wani tsari mai haske. Amma idan T cells yayi aiki akan kansu, B-lymphocytes, don kawar da abokan gaba, sun hada da wasu kwayoyin rigakafi - immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins a cikin yaro an kafa shi hankali, zama kamar yadda balagagge ne kawai zuwa wani zamani.

Wani muhimmiyar rawa a samuwar rigakafin da aka samu ta hanyar rigakafin da aka yi a lokacin da ya fara samuwa, da kuma matsalolin da ke tattare da kwayar cutar ta yara tare da microbes da cututtukan cututtuka a cikin shekaru biyar na rayuwa. Abinda zai fi kyau zai zama ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don kamuwa da cuta, mafi kyau maƙarƙashiya za a kiyaye shi a nan gaba.

Shirye don yaki
Daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka tsara na takamaiman immunoglobulins. Da matakin su, wanda zai iya yin hukunci akan ci gaba da cutar kuma ya ƙayyade "abokin gaba" daidai.

Akwai nau'in immunoglobulins guda 5: A, M, G, D, E. Immunotubulin D yana cikin cikin samar da kwayoyin B-lymphocytes. Immunotubulin A (lgA) yana inganta kariya daga jikin mucous. Ƙananan matakan lgA a cikin jini suna nuna wani mummunan tsari mai ƙin ƙwayar cuta. Ba a tuna da asibitoci na kungiyar M (lgM) tun daga farko ba daga "baƙo", amma bayan sun haɗu da shi sau 2-3, sun fara ganewa kuma suna aiki don hallaka. Saboda wannan dukiya, rigakafin IgM ya yiwu. Lokacin da aka yi wa alurar rigakafi a cikin jinin yaron a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ba tare da cirewa ƙwayoyin cuta ba saboda jiki ya cigaba da bunkasa kwayoyin su. Magunguna na rukuni M tare da kamuwa da cutar lgA a farkon. Matakan da aka haɓaka a lgM a cikin siginar jariri don kamuwa da cutar intratherine (toxoplasmosis, herpes). A cikin kananan yara - cewa yaron ya hadu da kwayar cutar kuma yanzu ya ɓace. Amfani da lgG, jiki yana "gama" da kamuwa da cuta. Yana daukan makonni 1-2 don samar da su. Kasancewa a cikin jikin kwayoyin wannan kundin zuwa wani ƙwayar cuta yana nufin cewa mutum ya kamu da kamuwa da cuta (kyanda, chickenpox) kuma an riga an ci gaba da rigakafi.

Ana shirya IgE yayin da kwayoyin (helminths, tsutsotsi) suka ci gaba a cikin jiki, kuma wadannan kwayoyin cutar sunyi maganin rashin lafiyan halayen. Idan an wajabta alamar rashin lafiyar, an gwada gwajin jini don IgE tareda kowa, kuma don ƙayyade lafiyar zuwa allergens - lgE musamman. Da karfi da karfin da ake yi wa mai shigowa, mafi girman matakin nuna alama.

Fara daga tafiya
Idan manya yana da kwayar cutar zuwa daruruwan "kwari", yara kawai dole suyi aiki. Saboda haka, a matakai daban-daban na ci gaba, tsarin na rigakafi na ƙwayoyi yana da hanyoyi daban-daban. A yawancin halaye yana rinjayar abin da cututtuka da kuma shekarun da yake rashin lafiya.

Tsarin na rigakafin fara farawa a lokacin daukar ciki. A makon 3rd-8, an hanta hanta, B-lymphocytes suna bayyana a ciki. A makon 5th-12 ne aka kafa thymus, inda bayan haihuwar jaririn T-lymphocytes fara girma. A lokaci guda kuma, ƙwayoyin da kuma lymph nodes suna samuwa. A makon 21 na ciki, maciji ya fara samar da lymphocytes. Duk da haka, ƙwayoyin Lymph, ya kamata su riƙe kwayoyin da sauran ƙananan ƙananan waje kuma su hana su shiga cikin. Amma wannan aikin shamaki ya fara aiki ne kawai zuwa shekaru 7-8. Idan a cikin shekaru 1-2 da mahaifiyar da ke jiran zata shawo kan cutar, ba zai iya cin abinci ba, akwai yiwuwar kafawar wadannan kwayoyin ba daidai ba. A cikin waɗannan sharuɗɗa, mace ya kamata guje wa lamba tare da mura da ARVI idan za ta yiwu, kuma kada ku wuce.

Tsakanin 10th da 12th makonni na gestation, yaron na gaba ya fara samar da imunoglobulin kansa, na farko a cikin G. Wasu daga cikin karshen shi kuma ya karbi ta hanyar jinin mahaifiyarsa da kuma ciwon jini kusan nan da nan bayan zane. Amma kafin watanni 6 na ciki, immunoglobulins na mahaifa suna cikin jinin ɗirin da ba a haifa ba fãce a cikin ƙananan kuɗi. Saboda wannan dalili, haɗarin kamuwa da cuta yana da matukar girma ga jariran da ba a taɓa ba.

Bayan makonni 32 na ciki, ƙwayoyin cuta sun fara hanzari, wanda zai kare baby daga cututtuka a farkon watanni bayan haihuwa.