Jikin jikin mutum zai iya kasancewa kyakkyawan gida ga yawancin kwayoyin halitta, mafi yawancin su basu da lahani. Duk da haka, wasu daga cikinsu na iya zama haɗari. Kamuwa da cuta tare da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta zai iya haifar da mutuwa.
Kamuwa da cuta na jiki
Ƙananan kwayoyin dake iya haifar da cututtuka sune ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suke bayyane ne kawai a karkashin kwayar lantarki. Suna iya haifuwa a cikin jikin jikin. Sa'an nan kuma ya bi kwayoyin cuta da kuma yisti fungi - kwayoyin unicornular da yawa, wanda aka gani ta hanyar na'urar kwakwalwa. Mafi yawan '' mamaye '' jikin mu ana kiransa parasites. Wannan lokaci ya haɗa da mafi yawan kwayoyin halitta: daga kwayar cutar (mafi sauki, wanda za'a iya gani ne kawai a karkashin wani microscope) zuwa tsutsotsi, alamomi, mites da lice, waxanda suke da kwayoyin halittu da yawa wadanda suke gani a ido. Da dama daruruwan nau'ukan nau'in parasites zasu iya rayuwa a jikin mutum ko cikin ciki. Mafi yawansu ba su da kyau kuma basu cancanci kulawa. Wani muhimmin ɓangare na cikinsu yana rayuwa a kan fata da gashi ko cikin hanji.
Tabbatar da ƙwayoyin cuta
Nazarin kwayoyin cutar sun hada da kwararru-parasitologists. Ayyukan su shine gano wani ƙwayar cuta na parasitic (wanda ake kira kamuwa da cuta ko shigarwa) da kuma rubuta magani mai dacewa. Yawancin abubuwa masu yawa, irin su mites da furanni, suna da yawa kuma suna iya gani ga ido mara kyau. Ba su da haɗari, amma ba su da haɗari a kansu. Duk da haka, suna iya ɗaukar cututtuka masu tsanani mai tsanani. Binciken wannan shine nauyin da ke tattare da magunguna. Bugu da ƙari, sau da yawa ne kawai dalilin da shawarar wani malamin ilimin lissafi shine bayani game da cututtuka na parasitic. Yanayi ba su da yawa a ƙasashen Yammacin Turai, yayin da yanayin hawan dutse da ƙananan mutane suka haifar da yanayin rashin lafiya don watsawa da rayuwa. Dalili mafi mahimmanci na tuntuɓar ɗakin binciken kimiyya shine bayyanar cututtuka marasa fahimta bayan dawowa daga tafiya. Alamai na kamuwa da cutar parasitic zai iya zama zawo, zazzabi da sauransu, mafi yawan alamun bayyanar cututtuka. Sauran yanayi sunfi dacewa a kasashe marasa talauci tare da yanayi mai zafi, inda suke daya daga cikin mawuyacin asalin cututtuka. Mafi yawan hanyar zazzabi da kuma mace-mace a Afirka ya zama malaria; Ankylostomiasis shine mafi yawan magungunan anemia a duniya, kuma damuwa ga tsofaffi shine mafi yawancin sakamakon sakamakon cysticercosis (cutar da larvae na tapeworms ke zaune a kwakwalwa). Hanyoyin cuta na iya haifar da cututtuka, ciwon huhu, tsarin tausayi da zuciya - yawancin bayyanar cututtuka na kamuwa da cutar parasitic yana da faɗi ƙwarai. Har zuwa kwanan nan, cutar ta kasance mummunan cututtukan cututtuka a Turai, amma yawancin yanayin rayuwa da tsarin kula da tsabtace jiki sun rage adadin cututtuka na parasitic. Duk da haka, wannan ba yana nufin cewa irin wannan halin ba zai sake fitowa - alal misali, malaria a Turai ya shafe kawai a cikin shekarun 1940. A kowane lokaci, daya ko fiye da nau'in kwayoyin cutar mai hatsari na iya haifar da annobar da zata shafe yawancin mutanen duniya.
Don tabbatar da wanene daga cikin yawan cututtuka na parasitic da ke haifar da cutar, likitoci sunyi amfani da hanyoyi uku. Na farko shi ne tambayoyin masu haƙuri na mai haƙuri.
Tarihin bincike
Mafi yawan cututtuka masu hatsarin gaske suna rayuwa ne kawai a wasu yankuna, don haka kafin a ci gaba da bincike ya zama dole don gano ainihin inda mai rai ya rayu da kuma inda ya yi tafiya. Babu mahimmanci a nema a nemi wani abu wanda yake yadawa a wannan ɓangare na duniya inda ba a taɓa yin haƙuri ba.
Microscopy
Hanyar hanyar bincike ta biyu ita ce ƙwayar microscopy. Ana iya ganin nau'o'in ƙwayoyi tare da ido mara kyau, amma mafi yawansu suna da ƙananan saboda wannan. Duk da haka, suna da yawa don ganin su a ƙarƙashin microscope. Parasitologists yi amfani da kayan ado na musamman don bambanta samfurori, amma yawancin parasites suna bayyane ba tare da shi ba. Idan mai haƙuri ya ji maganin ƙwaƙwalwa, masu bincike zasu bincikar samfurin stool. Don ci gaba da jinsin su, alamu dole ne ya ninka, don haka ko da sun kasance suna rayuwa a cikin kwayar halitta, akalla kasancewar qwai zai ba da damar su.
Gwajin gwagwarmaya
Abu na uku mai amfani shine gwajin jini. Jikin jikin yana samar da kwayoyin cutar don kare kariya daga kwayoyin cuta, kuma masu ilimin lissafi zasu iya gano gaban waɗannan kwayoyin cutar a cikin jini. Wannan ya zama hujja na kai tsaye game da kasancewa marar lafiya kuma ya ba ka damar yin ganewar asali. Ciwon daji shine cuta ta kowa a duniya, sau da yawa mawuyacin mutuwa. Ana kawo kwayoyin cutar tare da ciwon sauro. Kwayoyin cututtukan cututtuka kamar kamuwa, idan babu magani zai iya haifar da haɗuwa ko mutuwa. Don ganewar asali, an yi gwajin jini. Labaran sune kwayoyin halitta guda daya, wasu daga cikinsu suna iya haifar da cututtukan zuciya a cikin mutum. Irin wannan labarun kamar lamblia (Giardia) na iya haifar da rashin lafiya a cikin mutane wanda ya raunana rigakafi, amma za'a iya gano shi a ƙarƙashin microscope. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na tsutsotsi wanda zai iya sa mutum ya sami ciwon ciki. Yawancin su basu da lahani, amma wasu na iya haifar da cututtuka masu tsanani. Bincike na iya zama da wuya, don sanin irin nau'in pathogen yana buƙatar bincike na faeces. Kodayake yawancin tsutsotsi na parasitic, alal misali bandworms, suna shafar gastrointestinal tract, wasu nau'in shiga cikin jiki a wasu hanyoyi, misali ta fata. Wadannan cututtuka suna samuwa a cikin matafiya, da kuma a cikin mutane da ya raunana rigakafi.