"Mu tsoho ne wata cuta wadda dole ne a bi da ita, kamar yadda Ilya Mechnikov, wanda ya kafa gerontology, ya ce a cikin shekarun 1880. A cikin rahotonsa, masanin kimiyya na Rasha ya lura cewa tsufa ba wajibi ne ga jiki ya zama tsari na ilimin lissafi ba. Rayuwar mu, a gaskiya, shine tsarin sashi na sel. Kwayar tantanin halitta zai iya rarraba ba tare da ƙare ba a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau Rashin ƙimar yanayi yana haifar da lalacewa na haifar da tantanin halitta. Kuma a sakamakon wannan tsari, wanda ake kira yawan tsufa.
"Mutane kawai ba sa so su mutu"
A tarihinsa, 'yan adam sun rayu kuma suna rayuwa tare da tunanin mutuwa, wani tsofaffiyar jiki da tsarin tsarin ilimin lissafi. More daidai, tare da tunani a kan yadda za a kayar da shi. "Mutane ba sa so su rayu har abada, mutane ba sa son su mutu," inji Stanislaw Lemm. Wannan sha'awar yana nunawa a gaisuwa ta yau da kullum da kuma bukukuwa masu yawa na mutane. A cikin addinai a cikin bangaskiya cikin lalacewar, reincarnation, sake haihuwa. A cikin birane daban-daban, inda dattawan dindindin da vedunes suke rayuwa. Kowace al'umma tana neman "girke-girke na matasa" na ƙarni.
A d ¯ a Misira, an yi amfani da magunguna. Ana iya ganin su a hannun hannun Fir'auna a kan frescoes mai tsira. Kullun - Sun da Moon, kowane 150 mm a tsawon da kuma 28 mm na diamita - an cika su cikin wani tsari tare da haɗuwa da ma'adanai. Bisa ga masana kimiyyar zamani, a hannun wadannan kwantena suna samar da ginshiƙan makamashi guda biyu, ta hanyar wutar lantarki, suna motsa jiki, tsaftace shi da kuma samar da kariya ga jikin mutum.
Alal misali:
Daga cikin Pharaoh sun kasance masu dogon lokaci: Peopi II ya mulki shekaru 94. Ramesses mai girma yana da shekaru 67. Ya tsira daga 12 daga cikin 187 na 'ya'yansa daga mata 42 da ƙwaraƙwarai. Domin rabin karni fiye da 10 Pharaohs ya yi sarauta.
"Elixirs na Matasa"
Labarin masu shahararrun mashaidi - masu neman "elixir na tsawon lokaci", kwayoyin tsufa da tsarin tsarin ilimin lissafin jiki - an rufe su a asirce: sunaye da yawa, rashin tabbas akan shekarun rayuwa da sakamakon bincike. Wannan shi ne Jabir ibn Hayyan (ko Geber), Francis Bacon, Theophrastus Paracelsus, Yakubu Bruce, Wei Po-Yan, Vasily Valentin, Count Saint-Germain, Count Alexander Cagliostro (ko Giuseppe Balsamo), da sauransu.
Kimiyyar zamani na ci gaba da bincika "elixir na tsawon lokaci", da dogara ga tsarin da ya dace da tsarin mutum.
Cryonics - kiyayewa (biostasis) ta yin amfani da yanayin zafi mai zurfi. Magunguna suna hurawa daskarewa. MUHAMMAYA Firistoci da Fir'auna sun kamata su wanke jiki da safe, da rana da rana, su tsage gashi a jiki (ban da kai) - don haka kwayoyin ba su shiga ciki; sun kusan ba su cin naman alade da kifaye ba.
Tun zamanin da Sin ta kafa Qigong - zane-zanen jiki na jiki, ci gaban mutum a matsayin mutum. Yawancin darussan da ake amfani da su don inganta yaduwa da shakatawa.
Qi shine makamashin da ke cikin sama, a duniya da kuma cikin kowane mai rai. Yoga - daya daga cikin tsarin falsafancin duniyar India, ya ɗauki tsarin girbi don bunkasa mahimmanci na abinci mai mahimmanci, numfashi mai kyau da kuma halin kirki mai kyau.
An ba da muhimmiyar rawa ga spine a cikin maganin cutar. Dole ne ya zama mai sauƙi - "ruwa mai gudana ba ya lalace, ƙofar kofa tana gangarawa, wannan shine motsi." A cikin "Kula da na ciki" an lura cewa:
Maganar shine tsari na rushewa da raguwa da muhimmancin ayyukan jiki, musamman, ikon haɓaka da sake farfado da tsarin tsufa da kuma tsarin ilimin lissafi.
Da yake shiga Qigong, mutum yana karfin makamashin sama da ƙasa, ya haɗa su a cikin kansu. Saboda haka ya fuskanci tsawon rai da rashin mutuwa. Yanayi ya kamata su kasance na yau da kullum na shekaru masu yawa. Mutuwa marar mutuwa a Taoism abu ne mai kyau: yana damu da rai da jiki.
Tip
Maƙaryata sunyi imanin cewa aikata ayyukan kirki yana ƙarfafa rai, da mugunta - ya rage. Wanda yake son rashin mutuwa a duniya dole ne ya aikata ayyuka nagari 300, da ƙishirwa don rashin mutuwa a sararin samaniya - 1200. Amma koda bayan aikin kirki na 1190.
"Rushewa zuwa ƙarshen shekarunsa na samaniya, bayan sun ƙidaya shekara ɗari, ci gaba."
Daya daga cikin maganganun maganin Tibet "Vaiduria-onbo" yana bada shawara ga abincin gaske, kwanciyar hankali, yin wanka, sanin ka'idoji da ka'idojin rayuwar jima'i, da kuma tsafta don lafiyar jiki da kuma rage rayuwa. An ba da girke-girke na "juices", wanda ke taimakawa zuwa tsawon lokaci: mummies, feldspar, sugar sugar, zuma, man shanu. "Idan ƙuƙwalwar zuciya bata canzawa ga 100 bugun jini ba kuma yana da cikakkiyar cikakkiyar cikawa, to, mutumin da yake da hanya ta al'ada zai rayu har zuwa shekaru 100." Methuselah - Tsohon Alkawarin Tsohon Alkawali - ya rayu, kamar yadda Littafi Mai Tsarki ya ce, shekara 969 - an dauke shi mutum mafi tsufa. Wani ɗan hanta mai haɗari, Nuhu, wanda ya gina jirgi, ya zauna a cikin 'yan shekaru kaɗan. Mutumin farko Adamu ya kasance yana da rai marar mutuwa, amma yayin da ya guje wa alkawarinsa ya rage rayuwarsa.
Rayuwar rai ta rayuwa ta mutum.
Fiye da shekaru 80:
Japan, Switzerland, Faransa, Jamus, Australia, Singapore.
Kasa da shekaru 80:
Mozambique, Botswana, Zimbabwe.
A cewar WHO, yawancin rayuwar duniya na tsawon shekaru 48.5.
Me ya sa muke girma?
A yau babu wata ka'ida da aka yarda akai game da tsufa. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da suka shafi asali daban-daban da kuma hanyoyin da tsufa. Ayyuka sun bayyana kansu a cikin canje-canje daban-daban a kowane matakan - daga kwayoyin zuwa physiological. Tsufa yana da hadari na tafiyar matakai, kowannensu yana rage juriya na jikin da karfi. Cikakken tafiyar matakai yana ƙaruwa. Ka'idodin tsufa suna cikin wasu hanyoyi daban-daban. An rarraba su zuwa kungiyoyi biyu: shirye-shiryen tsufa da ƙwarewa (bazuwar). Ko cikin rukuni 3: kwayoyin halitta, neuroendocrin da ka'idojin haɗuwa da lalacewa. Duk wani rukuni yana da sabani, tun lokacin da ake tafiyar da matakan.
Magoya bayan ra'ayoyin daban-daban sune ainihin dalilai na tsawon lokaci: tsarin abinci mai lafiya, haɗuwa da aiki da dama, al'adun hali, tasiri na ilimin kimiyya.
Shirye-shiryen saitunan halittu , masu haɓaka na sabon ƙarni. Ƙarin ƙasa: don taimaka wa sassan aiki. Peptides - sunadaran sunadarai daga masana kimiyya - suna taimakawa wajen sabunta kira akan furotin nasa a jiki. Yunkurin shiga cikin kurkuku, mayar da ayyukanta. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su don kwayoyi sune kwayoyin dabbobi masu rai (an dauki hanta don kula da hanta, an kware kodan tare da koda, da dai sauransu).
Manufofin tsufa sun tsara su ne daga masana kimiyya daga kasashe daban-daban a cikin shekaru daban-daban.
Gina ka'idar: jiki shine wata hanyar da ta raguwa a tsawon lokaci.
Ka'idar ka'idodin kurakurai: tare da shekaru, lalacewar kwayoyin halitta ta samo asali saboda maye gurbi (ba da wata ba ko kuma ta hanyar abubuwan waje).
Ka'idar yaduwar lalacewar: tsufa shine sakamakon damuwa, yawancin ciwon jikin mutum yana dogara da yawan damuwa.
Ka'idar saukin haɓaka ta jiki: Dalilin tsufa shine tara tarawa a cikin hanji.
Ka'idar juyin halitta: ka'idar da aka tsara ta tsufa na jinsuna.
Ka'idar bayanin adana bayanai: sauyawa canji na bayanai da asararsa a jiki duka a cikin tsarin, misali, a cikin DNA, a cikin matakai na rayuwa.
Ka'idar Endocrine: asirin "rai madawwami" a cikin pituitary da hypothalamus.
Ka'idar Immunological: karuwa a cikin ikon karewa daga danniya.
Ka'idar cell membranes: tsufa saboda lalata cell membranes, jagorancin tara jari na kurakurai a cikin tsarin sunadarai da kuma hana rarraba cell.
Dokar mitochondrial: rage yawan makamashin tantanin halitta tare da shekaru. (Mitochondria shine ingancin tantanin tantanin halitta wanda yake tabbatar da numfashi, sakamakon sakamakon wutar lantarki).
Ka'idar abubuwan da aka gano : Dalilin abubuwan da ke cikin jikin mutum a cikin ƙananan ƙananan littattafai ba fiye da kashi 105 ba.
Ka'idodi mai sauƙi: tasirin radicals yana shafar yawancin cututtuka, musamman, ciwon daji, cututtuka na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, cututtuka na rheumatoid, cututtuka na kwakwalwa. A cikin rayuwar, ƙananan ƙananan oxygen (daga babban kwaɗaɗɗen da yake wucewa ta cikin sel) yana samar da nau'i na aiki na oxygen (ROS) - magungunan parasitic. Kwayoyin na AFC suna rayuwa a lokaci daya kuma suna amsawa tare da wasu kwayoyin halitta, suna lalata su. A sakamakon harin, mitochondria ya lalace. Harin irin wannan lalacewa shine ainihin tsufa.
Ka'idar "haɗin giciye": rawar abubuwa masu aiki a wannan yanayin shine sukari, musamman, glucose. Kwayoyin sugars, lokacin da suke amsawa da sunadarai, "toshe" kwayoyin sunadaran tare. Sel suna fara aiki mafi muni, suna tara "datti", kyallen takalma suna lalacewa.
Ka'idar apoptosis: kaddamar da shirin wayar salula, kashe kansa a wasu yanayi, ya sanya a ciki.
Telomer ka'idar: ƙananan sel iya raba wani yawan lokuta. An haɗa shi da ma'anar DNA sau biyu. Ƙarshen, gefuna na chromosomes na linzami (telomeres) bayan kowane rarrabe an rage ta. Saboda haka, lokaci ya zo lokacin da tantanin halitta ba zai iya raba. Tsawon telomere ya dogara ne da shekarun mutumin: tsofaffi shine, tsawon lokacin telomeres yana karami.
Maɗaukaki: ka'idar tsufa fara aiki tare da karuwa mai yawa a cikin hankulan kofa na hypothalamus zuwa matakin hormones a cikin jini. Tare da shekaru, abubuwa daban-daban na al'ada suka tashi. Tsarin lalacewar jiki a cikin jiki yana haifarwa ta hanyar agogon halitta wanda zai ƙidaya lokacin da aka saki ga jiki.
Tsarin tsufa
Yankunan teku suna rayuwa shekaru 200-300, ba tare da yin watsi da girma ba (babba, mazan yana nufin). Kuma bayan shekaru 100 na rayuwa na iya haifar da 'ya'ya.
Shellfish
Zhemchuzhnitsa Margaritifera yana rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 200, duk rayuwa tana iya samar da embryos, ba mutuwa daga cututtuka ba, amma daga yunwa, saboda duk rayuwa tana girma.
Kuma ainihin dogon lokaci - fiye da shekaru dubu 4; fiye da shekaru dubu biyu da dubu biyu da dubu dari na tagulla da gwanin sequoia.
A Amurka akwai pine "Methuselah", - itace mafi girma a duniya. A cewar masana, shekarun Pine shine shekaru 4772.
Tare da tsufa, sassan kwayoyin suna karuwa. Da farko, yawancin su - yarin da ya hadu da shi ya kasu kashi biyu, yana haifar da kwayoyin halitta, wanda aka canza zuwa wasu.
Ɗaya daga cikin tantanin halitta zai iya haifar da dubban kwayoyin halitta. A lokacin farfadowa, masu haƙuri suna karɓar kwayoyin jikinsu 200-300. Kwayoyin da ba a ba da izinin an aika zuwa jikin su don ajiyar lokaci ba. Bugu da ƙari ga 'yan kaya (adana a cikin "bankin" mutum), ana amfani da kwayoyin jini masu bada gudummawa - daga jini na jini (mafi yawan amfani dasu a yau) da kuma tayi - daga abu maras kyau. Tambayoyi na ƙarshe, da tsarin kirki da tasiri a jiki a nan gaba. An gabatar da ra'ayi na "kwayoyin halitta" a cikin 1908 da masanin tarihi mai ban mamaki da kuma Alexander Maksimov (1874-1928), wanda shekarun karshe na rayuwarsa yayi aiki a cikin ƙaura zuwa Amurka.